The earliest Anglo-Saxon
literature must have been in poetry, and prose literature is found to be later
evolution, although in the very development prose had hardly any break or any
stumbling block in its way. The earliest record of prose is the Laws of Ina, a
King of the West Saxons , the laws which were
promulgated at the end of the 7th century. The landmark, however, in
Anglo-Saxon prose literature is the writing of Alfred. The other two important phases
in evolution are the writings of Aelfric and Wulfstan.
The inspiration behind
writing in prose came from a serious purpose of instruction and inculcation of
his subjects. The King himself took the
initiative and that is why he became the leading prose writer of this period.
Father of English Prose
Alfred can be termed the "father of English
prose". As King of Wessex
he was inspired by a utilitarian motive to educate his people and instruct them
in their mother tongue. About 800 A.D. the King noted a kind of gained supremacy
in the south west of England
over all the Germanic groups settled in the Island .
Now it is the King’s duty to look after the unity and integrity of the people.
Types of writings
Alfred started two types of writings:
Original Writings
His original writings in prose. His outstanding original work is of course the early part of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Here Alfred is more like a modern chronicler even with the style of narration of his age.
Translation of native language
He translated of other writers into the native language.
Alfred himself is credited with the
translation of the Universal History of
Orosius. The translation work was difficult; Orosius a Spanish historian of
the 5th century wrote an obscure Latin. Alfred’s other translations,
not all by his own pen, sometimes done by others at his instruction, are the Ecclesiastical History of the Angles of Bede,
Pastoral Rules by Pope Gregory the
great and Consolation of Boethius. Alfred’s translation of Bede’s Ecclesiastical history was a great help to his people for the achieved unity of races.
Aelfric
Aelfric is not great author like Alfred; his prose is neither very
utilitarian in its manner of communication nor accommodative in style, rather
it is a bit too ornate to serve properly any such purpose. Aelfric was a pupil
of the monastic school which Aethelwold founded at Abingdom. He wrote in the
early part of the 11th century. We owe to him a Colloquium for teaching Latin by conversation. This can be called
the first Latin-English dictionary.
Aelfric of course made his
name by his Homilies which are partly
compilation and partly translation from the Father off the Church.
Aelfric's style
Unlike the
prose style of Alfred Aelfric’s is almost rhythmic-like verse. His writings are
most stylistic than the writings of either Alfred or Wulfstan.
Wulfstan
Wulfstan
was the Archbishop of York from 1002 to 1023. He was a preacher, his Homilies dates from 1012, when the
English were suffering the ills of the Danish invasion. It is Wulfstan who
proclaims the advent of the great Chastiser the Antichrist.
Wulfstan's style
Unlike Aelfric
Wulfstan gives his language a popularly lively touch.
The three outstanding figures in
Anglo-Saxon prose writings present varied colours in the development of the
prose style. The central monument of the early prose literature was of course King
Alfred, himself a great admirer of academic excellence. They together made English
prose quite viable.
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